The apparent increase in the sensitivity of

The apparent increase in the sensitivity of http://www.selleckchem.com/products/dorsomorphin-2hcl.html the detection of age-dependent onset of memory impairment using tone fear conditioning makes this test an attractive potential diagnostic tool during evaluation of the efficacy of potential therapeutics on memory function in the CRND8 mouse model. Materials and methods Mice The transgenic CRND8 mice over-express mutant forms of human APP genes (Swedish; KM670/671NL + Indiana; V717F) [26,38] implicated in AD [39,40]. This model shows rapid onset of extra-cellular A?? deposits at 2.5 to 3 months of age, with coinciding impairment in spatial reference memory [26]. Dense-core A?? plaques and neuritic pathology appear at five months [38].

Three cohorts of transgenic (Tg) CRND8 and non-transgenic (nTg) littermates (hybrid genetic background, C57BL/6//C3H) at ages three (N = 27, 13/14 Tg/nTg), six (N = 28, 11/17 Tg/nTg), and 12 (N = 24, 11/13 Tg/nTg) months were used. The physical condition and sensorimotor propensities of the CRND8 mice did not differ from their control nTg littermates within the studied age range as evaluated in the SHIRPA (SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals; Harwell, MRC Mouse Genome Centre and Mammalian Genetics Unit; Imperial College School of Medicine at St Mary’s; Royal London Hospital, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine; Phenotype Assessment) phenotyping screen (data not shown). The cohorts within each genotype were female biased (median for males = 3.5, for females = 9). The mice were genotyped at weaning by analysis of tail DNA with a human APP hybridization probe, as described previously [38].

They were housed in same-sex groups of two to four under standard laboratory conditions (12:12 hours light/dark cycle, lights on at 0600 hours) with a room temperature of 21??C, and water and food available ad libitum. All tests were performed AV-951 during the light phase between 09:00 and 14:00 hours. All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Mayo Clinic Jacksonville Pazopanib and are in accordance with Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC) and the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals guidelines. Primary neurological and sensorimotor examination The SHIRPA protocol [41,42] involves a series of tests assessing the physical condition of the mice. The following phenotypes are measured: (1) body position in a cage, respiration, tremor, transfer arousal, palpebral closure, piloerection, (2) reflexes – touch escape, pinna reflex, trunk curl, limb grasping, visual placing, negative geotaxis and righting reflex, and (3) grip strength. The screen takes altogether about five to seven minutes per mouse.

Novel object recognition This task of recognition

Novel object recognition This task of recognition selleckbio memory utilizes the fact that animals will spend more time exploring a novel object compared with an object that they are familiar with in order to satisfy their innate curiosity/exploratory instinct. The test apparatus consisted of an open field box measuring 39.4 cm ?? 78.8 cm change confirmed. in diameter, and all sessions were video-recorded. On day 1 the animal was allowed to explore the open field box for a 15-minute time period. The following day the animals were each exposed to a 10-minute information session (that is, the A/A session with identical objects present). This information session was followed by a 1-hour delay during which the animals were returned to their home cages. After the delay the animals performed a 10-minute dissimilar stimuli session (A/B).

The objects were made of hard plastic and had previously been counterbalanced to control for any object preference bias. The total amount of time spent with each object was recorded and scored using fully automated EthoVision XT 8.0 video tracking software (Noldus Information Technology). The time spent was operationally defined as occurring when an animal directed its nose to the object at a distance <2.0 cm and/or by the animal touching the object with its nose or mouth. Data are presented as the D2 discrimination index. The D2 index is a common measure of discrimination between novel and familiar objects, and is considered one of the most reliable measures of discrimination because it corrects for total exploratory activity of each animal [29].

The D2 index is calculated for an A/B session by examining the difference in time spent exploring Drug_discovery the novel and familiar objects divided by the total exploration time for both objects: D2=(novel???familiar)/(novel?+?familiar) The D2 index thus corrects for total exploratory behavior of each mouse. Statistical analysis All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism Version 5.00 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA?USA). In the cross-sectional study design, experimental groups consisted of two genotypes at four different ages: 7 months, 11 months, 15 months, and 24 months. Each group used a ~50:50 ratio of males to females. The number of mice used per group was 5 to 12 mice per group.

Unless otherwise indicated, for WT mice there were 10 aged 7 months, nine aged 11 months, five aged 15 months, and 10 aged 24 months; and for KI mice, there were nine aged 7 months, five aged 11 months, 10 aged 15 months, and five aged 24 months. Comparison between individual experimental groups was performed by unpaired t test where appropriate. Regression analysis compound libraries for RAWM and novel object recognition (NOR) cognitive data was modeled via linear regression in GraphPad with genotype, age, and errors/D2 index as independent variables and using a 95% confidence interval. Data are expressed as the mean ?? the standard error of the mean.

84��1 74 mm, 2 94��0 52 mm, respectively The course pattern of t

84��1.74 mm, 2.94��0.52 mm, respectively. The course pattern of the MA at the AP24534 subcondylar level was found to be as follows: 41% of the MAs passed supracervically (n=14), 29.5% passed midcervically (n=10), and the remaining 29.5% arteries passed infracervically (n=10). The distances measured between the tip of the lingula and the determined points are summarized in Table 1. No significant difference was computed between the mandibular rami and the glenoid fossa (P>.05). Table 1. The mean distances between the lingula and the specific landmarks for mandibular osteotomy. DISCUSSION In our study, we investigated the trajectory of the MA at the infratemporal fossa and the distances between the MA and the bony references on the glenoid fossa and the medial side of the mandibular ramus.

To facilitate orientation during ramus osteotomies, the studied parameters were selected as the key bony landmarks of the ramus since these landmarks are used as intraoperative guiding points for bony osteotomies and are dissected to some extent intraoperatively. The possible risk of injuring the MA is greater in resection of TMJ ankylosis among arthroplastic procedures; since the pattern of ossification and the fibrosis of pericapsular tissues differ greatly in every patient, it is more difficult to predict the course of MA due to anatomical variations and access restrictions.12,13 Few cadaver studies have focused on the possible risk of injuring the MA during mandibular ramus osteotomies.9,14 The position of the lingula is of critical importance for SSRO, whereas the relevant importance is attributed to the antilingula on the lateral aspect of the ramus for IVRO.

15 In IVRO, extreme care is required to prevent damage to the maxillary artery when performing bicortical osteotomy from the mandibular notch inferiorly, since the maxillary artery passes upward across the lower head of the lateral pterygoid muscle inside the mandibular notch.5,9 Therefore, the medial aspect of the mandibular notch should be exposed carefully in the IVRO, and then a Levasseur-Merill or a Bauer retractor should be inserted to protect the MA from any damage.9 The reference line for performing the vertical bony cut passes behind the antilingula, which is found approximately with 54% predominance. The distance from the mandibular notch to the maxillary artery was reported to be 3.3��1.

6 mm (n=8; range, 2 to 6 mm).15 These findings were consistent with ours: 2.94��0.52 mm. We found the ratio of the posterior margin of the ramus to the total ramus width (the sum of the distances between the lingula and the posterior margin of the ramus and anterior margin of the ramus) to be 0.52. Da Fontoura et al14 found a similar value for the ratio of the mandibular Carfilzomib foramen-posterior ramus to the total ramus width: 0.32. The slight difference could be explained by the location of the tip of the lingula, which lies in front of the mandibular foramen.

05) was adopted

05) was adopted selleck chem inhibitor in all the cases. RESULTS A detachment of the ulna from trochlea was observed in two planes: sagittal and transverse, after the selective sectioning of the MCL with valgus opening in the present study. The displacement in the sagittal plane was produced by the action of gravity, as the ligament was sectioned. In the transverse plan, the displacement was caused by the disengagement of the ulna from medial to lateral between the humeral condyles. With the MCL intact, even with the valgus maneuver, the medial opening of the elbow remained unaltered during the flexion and extension movement. GPA With the MCL intact, the elbow remained stable; there was no opening between the trochlea and the trochlear notch.

In the first stage, after the sectioning of the posterior band, the elbow remained stable, not presenting opening at the angles of 135��, 110��, 90��, 70��, 50��, 30�� and 0�� of elbow flexion. The second stage, after the sectioning of the posterior band, accompanied by the articular capsule up to the start of the anterior band, did not present any opening at any angle of flexion and during the maneuvers with and without elbow stress either. The sectioning of the posterior band and of the articular capsule up to the limit of the anterior band, executing the proposed maneuver, did not result in medial opening. The contribution of the posterior band to medial stabilization of the elbow was null. In the third stage the entire MCL was sectioned, including posterior band and articular capsule up to the end of the anterior band.

The flexion and extension movement was performed without stress, followed by the valgus stress maneuver. Table 1 shows the mean openings and the differences between the two tests. Table 1 Mean openings in centimeters of GPA, after sectioning of the posterior band and of the articular capsule up to the end of the anterior band, without stress and with stress. GAP The first stage started with the sectioning of the anterior band of the MCL accompanied by the flexion and extension movement without stress, followed by the valgus stress maneuver; the mean openings and the differences between the two tests were determined at this stage. (Table 2 and Figure 5) Table 2 Mean openings in centimeters of GAP after sectioning of the anterior band of the MCL, without stress and with stress.

Figure 5 Behavior of the curves with stress and without stress and their difference, in the first stage of GAP. Larger openings between 50o and 70o of elbow flexion. The GSK-3 results obtained in the second stage can be observed in Table 3 that presents the mean openings and the differences between the two tests. (Figure 6) Table 3 Mean openings in centimeters sectioning the anterior band and the articular capsule up to the start of the posterior band of the MCL, in GAP, without stress and with stress. Figure 6 Behavior of the curves with stress, without stress and their difference, in the second stage of GAP.

5 mm/minute until debonding The values were obtained in KgF and

5 mm/minute until debonding. The values were obtained in KgF and were converted in MPa, which involved dividing the force (KgF) by the adhesive interface (cm2). The normality of the data was evaluated by Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. In addition, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Gefitinib.html to compare the experimental and control group. Finally, a Tukey post-hoc test was conducted for multiple pairwise comparisons (��=.05). Morphological analysis of the cavosurface enamel on SEM Four specimens for each group were observed in an SEM for the morphology analysis of the cavosurface enamel submitted to different surface treatments. The teeth were prepared in a similar way as in the adhesive procedure. The etching with 35% phosphoric acid of the enamel was performed by 15 s.

Then, the surface was washed for 15 s and air dried. In group 2, the primer was applied according to the manufacturer��s instructions. It was removed after 20 s and washed with ethanol and acetone for 10 s in each solution, alternating the solutions for 1 min. In group 3, the acid etching was performed for 15 s prior to the application of the primer. In addition, the surface was washed for 15 s and air dried. Finally, the primer was applied and removed in the same way as in group 2. All specimens were submitted to dehydration in ascending concentrations of ethanol (30%, 50%, 70%, 90%, and 100%). The samples were subsequently gold sputtered (Desk II, Denton Vacuun Inc., NJ, USA) and analyzed using an SEM (JSM �C 5600 �C JEOL USA, Inc., Peabody, MA, USA).

The etching pattern was performed with a descriptive analysis related to the morphologic characteristics. RESULTS Microshear Bond Strength The results collected regarding bond strength obtained through the microshear test are presented in Table 1. The group in which the self-etching adhesive method was used presented statistically similar results to the group in which the adhesive procedure using the etch-and-rinse adhesive system was performed. When the etching with 35% phosphoric acid was carried out prior to the application of the self-etching adhesive system, the bond strength was significantly greater than the other groups. Table 1. Means (MPa) and standard deviations of experimental groups.

Analysis of the morphology of the conditioned surface through SEM When a cavosurface region without conditioning was observed, the surface appeared smooth, without any possibility of visualization of the enamel prisms constituting the region (Figures 1a and and1b).1b). However, when this surface was etched with 35% phosphoric Brefeldin_A acid for 15 s, the presence of the enamel prisms was noted in the longitudinal cut with the etching of the whole central region of the prisms and slight etching of the peripheral region (Figures 2a and and2b2b). Figure 1. View of grounded cavosurface enamel without acid etching. (A ��1000; B ��3000). Figure 2. Cavosurface enamel after acid-etch with 35% phosphoric acid.

To the first, both Piccolino and Spaide et al suggest

To the first, both Piccolino and Spaide et al. suggest Nutlin-3a side effects that increased choriocapillary vascular pressure, whether due to circulating catecholemines or hypoperfusion downstream, lead to increased hydrostatic pressure below the RPE, thus favoring extraversion of fluid into the sub-RPE and, potentially, subretinal spaces.8,9 Others continue to explain that in order for fluid to accumulate there must also be either a break in the continuity of the RPE,1,8�C10 diffuse RPE pumping dysfunction,11 or both.8,10 Histopathologic changes seen in RP may contribute to these processes and in turn lead to the development of CSR. Migration of RPE cells from Bruch��s membrane to the inner retinal layers and perivascular areas in RP may lead to weakening of the retinal pigment epithelium and the formation of breaks in the RPE.

12 This may cause leakage into the sub-retinal space or interfere with the ability of the RPE to maintain negative pressure in this potential space. Additionally, reduced choriocapillary permeability found in RP could lead to increased upstream choriocapillary arterial pressure that may be a critical process in the development of CSR.9,10 The nature of any physiologic relationship between CSR and RP is speculative at this point and would require greater understanding of pathologic mechanisms that has thus far eluded researchers. Nevertheless, plausible pathophysiologic relationships between these disorders exist. It would be prudent to consider CSR as a possible etiology in a patient with RP and acute visual loss, and vice versa.

An examination of the retinal periphery in patients with CSR may reveal early changes of RP, a finding that may have treatment implications. Literature Search We searched MEDLINE (January 1948 to September 2012) combining the following terms: retinitis pimentosa AND central serous chorioretinopathy OR central serous retinopathy OR choroid diseases. Survey of the results revealed three related references. Citation lists from each of these were then cross-referenced for appropriate reports. Finally, the ISI Web of Science database system was used to identify all articles citing the reports of interest; these results were surveyed for any applicable additions.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness and visual disability in patients aged 60 years and older in Europe and North America.

Worldwide, after cataract and glaucoma, AMD is the third leading cause of blindness, contributing to causing 8.7% of all legal blindness.1 Although the majority of patients with AMD have the non-neovascular form, characterized by drusen and atrophic changes in the retinal pigment epithelium, up to 90% of severe vision loss caused by AMD is attributable to the neovascular (exudative) form of the condition, which is characterized Brefeldin_A by choroidal neovascularization (CNV).

6% (6/70) and 6 5% (4/62) in the steroid avoidance and steroid wi

6% (6/70) and 6.5% (4/62) in the steroid avoidance and steroid withdrawal groups, respectively (P = 0.75). Seven steroid avoidance patients and nine steroid withdrawal patients discontinued study drug due to adverse events. The incidence of infections during months 6 to 36 was 64.3% (n = 45) in the steroid avoidance group and 77.4% (n selleck chem Ruxolitinib = 48) in the steroid withdrawal group. The significant difference in cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection reported as an adverse event in the DOMINOS study population at month 6 (12.5% versus 22.7%, P = 0.045) became nonsignificant during months 6�C36 Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries (10.0% versus 6.5%, P = 0.48). The proportion of patients receiving antihypertensive treatment, lipid-lowering treatment or hypoglycemic treatment at month 36 was 94.9%, 69.2%, and 15.4%, respectively, in the steroid avoidance group compared to 88.

5%, 73.6%, and 13.8% in the steroid withdrawal group. Body mass index (BMI) at time of transplant was 24.9 �� 3.7kg/m2 versus 25.3 �� 4.7kg/m2 in the steroid avoidance and steroid withdrawal Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries arms, respectively (P = 0.85), and 25.6 �� 4.3kg/m2 versus 27.5 �� 6.1kg/m2 at month 36 (P = 0.13). The increase in BMI was not significantly different between randomized groups (mean difference 0.82kg/m2; 95% CI ?0.33, 1.98; 0.16). However, when the change in BMI was compared between those patients who remained steroid free throughout follow-up (n = 35) and those who received Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries steroids at some point (n = 75) and for whom BMI data were available at baseline and month 36, the increase was significantly lower in the steroid-free cohort (0.52 �� 0.50 versus 1.97 �� 0.

34 in steroid-treated patients, P = 0.019). 4. Discussion Maintenance steroid therapy remains widespread following kidney transplantation, both in recent clinical trials [18, 19] and in daily practice, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries although the shift towards steroid avoidance or sparing continues to gather momentum. A meta-analysis by Pascual et al. has confirmed that steroid avoidance or withdrawal is possible in kidney transplantation [13] but the optimal timing for steroid-free immunosuppression has not been clearly defined. Results from this observational follow-up trial suggest that early intensified EC-MPS dosing with CNI therapy and IL-2RA induction may permit long-term steroid avoidance in a substantial proportion of low-risk kidney transplant recipients without compromising efficacy to three years after transplant.

There was no statistically significant difference for graft survival between patients who did or did not initially receive steroid therapy. In the DOMINOS study population, BPAR Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Entinostat was not more frequent in the steroid avoidance group at month 3 or month 6 versus the steroid withdrawal group, and no episodes of BPAR in the steroid avoidance group were more severe than grade IIA [9]. In the INFINITY study, the incidence of BPAR at month 36 was numerically higher in the steroid avoidance group (20.0% versus 11.5% with steroid withdrawal), as reported elsewhere [2].

1) For the scale construction the same procedure

1). For the scale construction the same procedure screening library as described above has been used. The indicator for repetitive movements of hands and arms is used as a single item dichotomy, indicating the frequency of repetitive movements as Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries “never or sometimes” and “often or always”. Other health-related occupational characteristics Types of work schedules are subdivided into two categories: “fixed day work” versus “atypical work” (a.o. night work, rotating shift systems and non-standard daytime shifts). Work schedule flexibility, conceived as the occurrence of sudden schedule changes, is subdivided into “never or sometimes” and “always or often”, while overtime work is also included as a dichotomy consisting of the same categories. Next, subjective job insecurity represents the chance of becoming unemployed as “inexistent to low” versus “very high to medium high”.

Finally, a variable for bullying behaviour is included as a dichotomy, contrasting between “at least sometimes” and “never”, within a reference period of one year. Social and occupational indicators The analyses are performed among women and men separately. Age is included in the models as an independent and controlling variable. The age-categories Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries correspond to three main periods in a working career: lift-off (16-29 years), a mid-career period (30-49 years) and the end-of-career period (50 years or older). The occupational classification consists of eight categories: un-/semi-schooled workers, schooled manual workers, educational professionals, health care professionals, other professionals, middle managers, higher managers and non-manual routine workers, which is the reference category.

The dimension of credentialed skills is Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries a constructed indicator, inspired by Parkin’s notion of credentialism [38]. Respondents with no or lower secondary education and those who combine higher secondary education with un-/semi-schooled manual, non-manual routine, educational or healthcare occupations Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries are classified as lower skilled. Schooled manual workers, professionals and managerial employees with higher secondary educational attainment, as well as manual, non-manual routine, educational and healthcare workers with higher non-university educational attainment are categorised into the semi-skilled-category. Finally, professionals and managerial employees with Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries non-university higher education and all respondents with a university degree are classified as experts.

Class relations are defined by real economic ownership and its prerogative of strategic policy-making and surveillance authority over employees [29]. In this regard, Clement and Myles [31] suggest to make a distinction between higher managers, who combine strategic decision-making and surveillance Entinostat authorities and supervisors, having no strategic decision-making authority, but only delegated surveillance authority.

This results in a longer survival with advanced degenerative and

This results in a longer survival with advanced degenerative and disabling diseases so that the period of nothing time that people spend in a state of chronic ill-health and disability at the end of the life increases. An increase in life expectancy, in this case mainly driven by the growing and innovative capabilities of medicine and care to prevent fatal outcomes from degenerative diseases, creates pressure on health and social care services. It is also a burden on carers and communities, as greater numbers suffer chronic disease and disability. Dynamic equilibrium The outcomes envisaged under this hypothesis in terms of an increase in life expectancy as well as better health would be possible if medical interventions and advances as well as lifestyle changes were put in place in an earlier (less severe) stage of the disease process.

Consequently, due to improved secondary prevention, among others, long term social care costs would not have to experience greater pressure. Figures Figures33 and and44 summarise the analysis of the 3 scenarios, illustrating the direction of expected change of healthy life years over the next 10 years. The plausibility in achieving the target of improved lives spent in good health under 2 scenarios – the compression of morbidity and the dynamic equilibrium – can be clearly depicted. These two scenarios predict an increase of HLY at EU average level by 1.6 to 2 years for men and 1.2 to 1.4 years for women This is however, under the condition that relevant policy intervention and action, including health promotion and preventive action and the use of medical and care advances, is implemented.

Also, heterogeneity of developments of HLY among individual countries of the EU calls for intra-country analysis and setting of relevant policy measures. Figure 3 Scenarios for the future male population health by Healthy Life Years (HLY) in the European Union, 2009-2020. Figure 4 Scenarios for the future female population health by Healthy Life Years (HLY) in the European Union, 2009-2020. The results of the study triggered the political decision of setting the global target of 2 additional HLY for the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing to be achieved within a decade. Conclusions The analysis needs to be considered with a high level of prudence and bearing in mind a margin Drug_discovery of error. A series of other factors, as mentioned above, exist that might impact people��s life expectancies, mortality and morbidity rates and have not been considered. Following results observed under the different scenarios (Table (Table1),1), the potential HLY target could foresee an increase by 2 years for men and 1.4 years for women at the EU level. It is a ��grand�� goal but can be reached in next couple of years.

The prevalence of LBW was reported as a percent of all birth weig

The prevalence of LBW was reported as a percent of all birth weight recorded in the pooled dataset. Association between LBW and categorical independent U0126 ERK variables of interest were determined first by using Chi-square test (��2). All the factors included in the conceptual framework (Figure 1) which we considered important based on previous studies [7,16] were included in the multiple logistic regression to control the confounding effect of each other. Backward elimination process was used to obtain the final regression model; namely, Model 1 (pooled data), Model 2 (2006 survey data) and Model 3 (2011 survey data). Complex Sample Analysis method was used to report the prevalence of LBW and perform the regression analysis to account for the study design and sampling method [22].

Interactions between the survey period (depicted by an indicator variable: 0=2006 survey and 1=2011 survey data) and significant determinants found in Model 1 (pooled data) were then assessed. The interaction term was found significant; indicating the effects of those significant determinants on LBW are significantly different for the two surveys. Next we tested wether the associations from Model 1 were different by survey period (i.e. NDHS 2006 and 2011) thus additional models were run for NDHS 2006 (Model 2) and NDHS 2011 (Model 3). We tested the multicollinearity issue among the independent variables. ANC was highly correlated with iron supplementation during pregnancy (r=0.88). Therefore, while building models, ANC was used along with other independent variables.

In the next step, iron supplementation was introduced into the model replacing ANC from each models to check if iron supplementation was still statistically significant. Given the large number of variables, the adjusted odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were only reported for statistically significant variables in the final model. Additionally, independent sample t-test was used to analyse the difference between mean birth weight in 2006 and 2011. A Chi-square test (��2) was used to examine the difference in the prevalence of LBW in 2006 and 2011 surveys. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 19.0 (IBM Corp. Released 2010. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp USA).

Ethical approval from Curtin University Human Research Ethics Committee [protocol approval�CSPH-16-2012] was also obtained for the data analysis. Results Low birth weight prevalence A total of 2845 children had their birth weight reported by mothers: 923 in 2006 and 1922 in 2011. The mean birth weight was 3024 (SD: 654.5) grams. In 2006, it was 3012 (SD=667) Cilengitide grams and in 2011, it was 3030 (SD=649) grams. There was no significant difference in the mean birth weight between 2006 and 2011[mean difference: 18grams, t-test p-value=0.489]. The overall prevalence of LBW was 12.1% (95% CI: 10.6%-13.7%) while 13.2% (95% CI: 10.6%-16.