30973382), the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (AZD6094 purchase 2012AA02A506), the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (2012AA02A204), National Science and Technology Major Project (2011ZX09307-001-05), and Zhejiang Provincial International Scientific Technology Collaboration Key CFTRinh-172 cost Project (No. 2009C14010). References 1. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A: Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 2012, 62:10–29.PubMedCrossRef 2. Zhang A, Yeung PL, Li CW,

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Thus, the impact of a recG deletion is marginal in comparison to Cell Cycle inhibitor the impact of deleting rnhA, suggesting that the contribution of RecG to genome-wide processing of R-loops might be lower than anticipated. Conclusion The plasmid-based lethality assay exploited in this study provided a novel approach to investigate the phenotype of cells lacking topoisomerase I without the presence of any compensatory

mutations. The results presented show that cells lacking topoisomerase I exhibit an extreme growth defect, indicating that they are under a constant selection pressure for compensatory mutations. This phenotype was partially suppressed by overexpression of topoisomerase III, suggesting that the accumulation of torsional stress is, to a certain extent, responsible for the lethality of ΔtopA cells, as reported [14]. However, the overexpression of R-loop processing enzymes, such as RNase HI or RecG, did not result in a major suppression of the

ΔtopA phenotype. This result suggests that the accumulation of R-loops does not contribute very much towards the growth defect of cells lacking selleck topoisomerase I, which is in contrast to previous reports [4, 7]. However, the absence of RecG and especially RNase HI exacerbates the phenotype of ΔtopA cells, which suggests that the processing of RNA:DNA hybrids is vitally important in the absence of topoisomerase I. Thus, R-loops accumulate

to a toxic level only Quisqualic acid in cells lacking RNase HI, while the selleck chemical toxicity in ΔtopA single mutants is mainly caused by an additional effect that is yet to be characterised. Further experiments will be necessary to shed light on the question as to why cells lacking Topo I have such a severe growth defect and how much R-loops contribute to this phenotype. Methods Strains Bacterial strains are listed in Table 1. All constructs used for synthetic lethality assays are based on E. coli K-12 MG1655 ΔlacIZYA strains carrying derivatives of pRC7 (Bernhardt and de Boer 2004). The deletion allele of topA (ΔtopA::apra) was made using the one-step gene disruption method of Datsenko and Wanner [23]. The ΔtopA::apra allele removes all but 45 bp from the 5′ and 3′ end of the coding sequence. The proB::P araBAD rnhA was generated by standard single-step gene replacement [23]. pECR15 was cleaved with HindIII and the HindIII frt-kan-frt cassette from pDIM141 (see below) ligated into the construct. The resulting plasmid was used for amplification of P araBAD rnhA frt-kan with the primers introducing 40 bp of sequence homologous to proB. The construct was integrated into the proB locus and the kanamycin resistance marker removed via FLP recombinase [23].