However in ADF subjects, hunger decreased (P < 0.05) while satisfaction and fullness increased (P < 0.05) after
12 weeks of treatment. Restrained eating increased (P < 0.05) PD98059 by 16 ± 6 and 10 ± 2 in the combination and ADF group, respectively, after 12 weeks. Uncontrolled eating decreased (P < 0.05) in the combination (14 ± 4) and ADF group (6 ± 3) over the course of the trial. Emotional eating decreased (P < 0.01) only in the combination group (15 ± 5). No changes were observed in eating behaviors in the exercise and control group. Table 2 Changes in eating behaviors during the 12-week
study Intervention Week 1 Week 12 P-value1 P-value2 Change3 P-value4 Hunger (mm) Combination 5.7 ± 0.5 4.7 ± 0.7 0.185 0.941 −1.0 ± 0.7 0.495 ADF 6.3 ± 0.5 4.7 ± 0.7 0.034 −1.6 ± 0.7 Satisfaction (mm) Combination 3.8 ± 0.8 4.1 ± 0.6 0.575 0.817 0.3 ± 0.5 0.240 ADF 3.2 ± 0.4 4.3 ± 0.6 0.031 1.1 ± 0.5 Fullness (mm) Combination 3.7 ± 0.8 4.0 ± 0.7 0.564 0.967 0.3 ± 0.5 0.146 ADF 2.4 ± 0.4 4.0 ± 0.7 0.016 1.6 ± 0.6 Restrained eating score Combination 40 ± 4 56 ± 7 0.029 0.207 16 ± 6 a 0.013 ADF 52 ± 2 62 ± 3 0.006 10 ± 2 a Exercise 49 ± 3 49 ± 3 0.944 0 ± 2 b Control 47 ± 7 48 ± 6 0.828 1 ± 6 a,b Uncontrolled eating score Combination 44 ± 3 30 ± 4 0.007 0.050 −14 ± 4 a 0.002 ADF 35 ± 3 29 ± 3 0.023 −6 ± 3 a,b Exercise 40 ± 4 39 ± 5 0.783 −1 ± 2 b Control 23 ± 4 28 ± 6 Lck 0.152 5 ± 3 b Emotional eating GPCR Compound Library score Combination 57 ± 5 42 ± 6 0.002 0.063 −15 ± 5 a 0.005 ADF 38 ± 5 35 ± 5 0.428 −3 ± 3 b Exercise 58 ± 7 56 ± 7 0.447 −2 ± 3 b
Control 38 ± 12 38 ± 11 0.584 0 ± 5 b Values reported as mean ± SEM. ADF: Alternate day fasting. 1P-value between week 1 and week 12: Repeated-measures ANOVA. 2P-value between groups at week 12: One-way ANOVA. 3Absolute change between week 1 and 12 values. 4P-value between groups for absolute change: One-way ANOVA. Means not sharing a common superscript letter are significantly different (Tukey post-hoc test). Impact of the fast day exercise session on eating behaviors Hunger did not increase if the subject exercised on a fast day (week 1: 6 ± 1, week 12: 4 ± 2, P = 0.240). Fullness did not decrease if the subject exercised on a fast day (week 1: 4 ± 2, week 12: 4 ± 1, P = 0.653). Moreover, satisfaction with the ADF diet did not decrease if the subject exercised on a fast day (week 1: 4 ± 2, week 12: 4 ± 1, P = 0.549). Changes in energy and macronutrient intake on feed days Dietary intake for each intervention group is reported in Table 3. No changes were observed for energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, cholesterol, and fiber after 12 weeks of treatment.