With the goal to increase the relevance of biomedical research check details for clinical innovation, a number of actors in biomedicine and policy-making have argued for the expansion of efforts made in the area of applied pre-clinical laboratory research and early clinical research. Advocates of this view have promoted the concept of a field of Translational Research (or Translational Medicine or Translational Science; abbreviated to TR here), with dedicated expertise

focused on mobilizing basic research results and clinical experience in the development of new or improved clinical interventions. TR propositions have been characterized by a desire to link together biological, engineering, biochemistry and clinical competences to provide integrated academic or public–private RTD pipelines. It is perhaps most appropriate to talk of TR as a reform {Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleckchem Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleckchem Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|buy Anti-infection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library ic50|Anti-infection Compound Library price|Anti-infection Compound Library cost|Anti-infection Compound Library solubility dmso|Anti-infection Compound Library purchase|Anti-infection Compound Library manufacturer|Anti-infection Compound Library research buy|Anti-infection Compound Library order|Anti-infection Compound Library mouse|Anti-infection Compound Library chemical structure|Anti-infection Compound Library mw|Anti-infection Compound Library molecular weight|Anti-infection Compound Library datasheet|Anti-infection Compound Library supplier|Anti-infection Compound Library in vitro|Anti-infection Compound Library cell line|Anti-infection Compound Library concentration|Anti-infection Compound Library nmr|Anti-infection Compound Library in vivo|Anti-infection Compound Library clinical trial|Anti-infection Compound Library cell assay|Anti-infection Compound Library screening|Anti-infection Compound Library high throughput|buy Antiinfection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library ic50|Antiinfection Compound Library price|Antiinfection Compound Library cost|Antiinfection Compound Library solubility dmso|Antiinfection Compound Library purchase|Antiinfection Compound Library manufacturer|Antiinfection Compound Library research buy|Antiinfection Compound Library order|Antiinfection Compound Library chemical structure|Antiinfection Compound Library datasheet|Antiinfection Compound Library supplier|Antiinfection Compound Library in vitro|Antiinfection Compound Library cell line|Antiinfection Compound Library concentration|Antiinfection Compound Library clinical trial|Antiinfection Compound Library cell assay|Antiinfection Compound Library screening|Antiinfection Compound Library high throughput|Anti-infection Compound high throughput screening| movement within biomedical research (following Milne and Kaitin 2009), one that aims to change both researchers’ experimental practices and policy-makers’ and academic administrators’ organisational models (Gaisser et al. 2009). There has been intense discussion of these new propositions within the biomedical community (Nathan 2002; Weissmann 2005; Khoury et al. 2007;

Wehling 2008; Woolf 2008; Milne and Kaitin 2009; Wehling 2010; Marincola 2011), and a number of well-advertised and well-funded new institutions that bear the label of TR have recently been established (Zerhouni 2005; NCI 2007; Borstein and Licinio 2011; Collins 2011; Kupferschmidt 2011; Shahzad et al.

2011; von Roth et al. 2011). Despite all of this activity, it is still unclear to which extent the propositions of the TR movement have effectively led to concrete changes in both the daily experimental and organisational practices of biomedical actors and the orientations of those state-formulated policies that frame innovation activities. This article examines the recent policies and institutional initiatives of three European countries to answer this question. Understanding change in biomedical innovation: a proposed analytical grid Making academic research activities more relevant to industry and civil ifoxetine society has been a recurring goal of science, technology and innovation policy makers since the 1980s (Guston 2000; Nowotny et al. 2001; Van der Weijden et al. 2012). In the biomedical field more specifically, typical measures that have been put into place by state- and institution-level policy-makers to achieve this goal have included: the promotion of academic entrepreneurship for the creation of specialized biotechnology firms that can engage in RTD work (Corolleur et al. 2004; Ebers and Powell 2007; Grimaldi et al.