We found that participants using the smaller 1000 ml bag were more likely to achieve optimal tidal volumes in the simulated patient (p = 0.015). Seventy percent (n = 21) of participants produced mean tidal volumes consistent with either hypoventilation or hyperventilation of the simulated patient. Of the participants who used the 1000 ml Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical bag, 70% (n = 21) participants were also suboptimal with their tidal volumes (Figure ​(Figure1b1b). Similarly, mean minute volumes over the two minute period revealed significant differences between the two capacity bags. We found that participants who used the smaller self-inflating bag were more likely to achieve guideline consistent

minute volumes. Ninety-three percent of participants (n = 28) using the 1600 ml bag and 70% (n

= 21) of participants using the 1000 ml bag demonstrated suboptimal minute volumes for Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the simulated patient (p = 0.045), see Figure ​Figure11. No statistically significant difference was found when comparing gender-specific Integrase inhibitor performance in relation to ventilation rate, tidal volume or minute volume. Discussion Ventilation of a simulated adult cardiac arrest patient by undergraduate Monash Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical University paramedic students is better achieved by using a smaller self-inflating bag. Even when using the smaller self-inflating bag ventilation values were still predominately suboptimal. It is now well supported that the delivery of ventilation using a self-inflating bag Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is erratic and uncontrolled by all disciplines, not just prehospital care providers[6,10-12,1] Pitts and Kellermann proposed that hyperventilation is inevitable in real life situations and is perhaps not rescuer training that requires re-visiting, rather controlling operator emotions at the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical time of the incident… “When the alarm sounds, we rush to the scene uncertain of what we will find. The suddenness of these events and the high stakes involved produces an adrenaline-driven arousal response. As

a result, we do everything fast, including, perhaps, bag-valve ventilation.” [13] In an effort to exclude the emotion that is often associated with real-life GBA3 circumstances, this study explored the degree of suboptimal ventilation within the control of a simulated clinical scenario. We found that 77% (n = 23) of participants who used the 1600 ml bag and 70% (n = 21) of participants using the smaller bag were unable to reach the target ventilation rate of 8–10 VPM. Other authors have documented similar trends in ventilation rates during CPR. Aufderheide and colleagues found mean ventilation rates to be as high as 30 VPM in 7 men undergoing CPR with an advanced airway,[1] while other authors have observed rates as high as 70 VPM by some emergency care providers [14].