Two of these metalloproteinases, originally called Lachesis hemorrhagic factors I and II (LHF-I and LHF-II; corresponding to mutalysin-I and mut-II), were previously purified and characterized [37]. Mut-II is a P-I class SVMP single chain protein of 22.5 kDa with broad substrate specificity and a minor hemorrhagic effect [38]. Our previous results showed that

the neutralizing monoclonal antibody LmmAbB2D4, produced against L. muta muta venom, recognizes mut-II and neutralizes the hemorrhagic effect of L. muta and several Bothrops crude venoms [11] and [39]. However, the ability of LmmAbB2D4 to neutralize the whole venom is likely due to the recognition of several venom proteins that share the same epitopic region [11]. Since several continuous antigenic regions of mut-II were previously identified http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Gefitinib.html [15], herein we mapped the mut-II epitope recognized by LmmAbB2D4 to determine if it corresponds to known antigenic regions. We first used the peptide scanning method to map continuous and discontinuous epitopes [2], [6], [10], [14], [27] and [28]. Sets of 15-mer overlapping peptides covering the mut-II amino acid sequence were chemically synthesized by the SPOT method of multiple DAPT mw peptide synthesis [26] and [31]. Such linear peptides

were, however, not recognized, indicating that the epitope is likely discontinuous. Consequently, the phage-display technique was used. Although libraries of filamentous phages have often led to the identification of peptides with high homology to the wild type sequence of the epitope [8], [13] and [32], we have identified, like others [1], [16] and [19], peptides (mimotopes) mimicking discontinuous components of the epitope. All seventeen identified peptides contain two cysteine

residues. Thus, the peptides must be constrained to be recognized, suggesting that the antibody is sensitive to conformation. We note, however, that the peptides QCTMDQGRLRCR, TCATDQGRLRCT, HCFHDQGRVRCA, HCTMDQGRLRCR and SCMLDQGRSRCR were able to bind Ribonucleotide reductase LmmAbB2D4 when prepared as synthetic replicas of the phage-born sequences. This can be due to the different conformations the peptide adopts in the cellulose membranes when it is prepared as a synthetic peptide, compared to the conformations it adopts when displayed on phage surface [29]. The amino acid sequences of the phage-selected peptides had no homology with the sequence of Mut-II protein, and thus are considered mimotopes. Phage-display peptide libraries have identified mimotopes of toxins from scorpion and snake venoms. Such peptides stimulate the production of neutralizing antibodies [5], [19] and [21]. Our results show, for the first time, the usefulness of peptide mimotopes for the neutralization of hemorrhagic activity induced in animals by bushmaster snake venom.