trachomatis infection. To this point, ALK inhibitor our observations certainly call for further studies on how C. trachomatis may facilitate direct and indirect control of host ligand expressions, as this may be significant in furthering our understanding of the impact of this bacterium on a variety of host cellular immune responses, including cytolytic CD8 T cells and NK cells. The cytolytic CD8 T cell is a key mediator in the control of many intracellular microbial infections. However, the protective role of CD8 T cells against C. trachomatis infection is not clear, as numerous reports based on

mouse models of C. trachomatis infection suggest that CD4 T cells are central to protective immunity against this bacterium. Nevertheless, it has also been shown that adoptive transfer of Chlamydia-specific CD8 T cells to MoPn-infected mice results in the resolution of infection (Igietseme et al., 1994). In vitro, it has also been demonstrated that a Chlamydia-specific-CD8

T cell clone exhibits cytolytic activity against C. trachomatis-infected human epithelial cells in coculture experiments (Kim et al., 1999). Furthermore, differing from mouse models (Su and Caldwell, 1995), a significant CD8 T cell infiltrate is observed in the human endocervix during C. trachomatis infection (Ficarra et al., 2008). If one accepts the Selleck CYC202 possibility that CD8 T cells may play some role in protective immunity against C. trachomatis infections in humans, when viewed from the perspective of the pathogen, our results suggest that MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit decreased MHC expression on infected and

neighboring noninfected cells may be advantageous to chlamydial survival in vivo, widening the time frame for unfettered growth within the infected cell and possibly for spread of the infection. However, from the perspective of the host response to infection, a decrease in MHC expression in conjunction with the increase in MICA expression on infected cells may be, through NK cell-mediated cytolysis, the pathogen’s death knell. While MHC downregulation could be utilized by C. trachomatis to evade host CD4+ and CD+8 T cell responses, MICA upregulation in combination with MHC class I downregulation is associated with enhanced susceptibility of intracellular microorganisms to NK cell activity (Bauer et al., 1999). The role of NK cells in the early response to genital chlamydial infection has been implicated in murine studies that demonstrate that depletion of NK cells results in exacerbation of chlamydial pathogenesis (Tseng & Rank, 1998). Our in vitro data also indicate that C. trachomatis infection renders A2EN endocervical epithelial cells susceptible to NK cell lysis. This finding is similar to observations reported by others (Hook et al., 2004) using infected SiHa cervical epithelial cells and NK cells derived from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In this study, we extended Hook et al.