This is followed by insertion of a 20 to 24 Fr straight urethral sound or dilator from the stab incision through the cavernosum all the way proximally to the crura. In this way it is presumed that flow from proximal to distal in the cavernosa is facilitated, increasing the likelihood that the Ponatinib entirety of corpora cavernosa may be drained via the distal shunt. The ultimate goal of this or similar measures is to avoid formal Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical creation of a proximal shunt. Prevention Given the morbidity

of ischemic priapism as it relates to fibrosis and erectile dysfunction, much focus has been placed on preventing future episodes. This is particularly true as it pertains to those with recurrent (ie, stuttering) priapism. A number of systemic therapies have been proposed, including oral use of terbutaline, digoxin, baclofen, and hormonal agents. To date, evidence supporting the use of these agents is limited Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to case reports or small case series. Terbutaline, a β-adrenergic

agonist, is the exception. Three randomized trials have evaluated its efficacy in achieving detumescence in men presenting with pharmacologically induced erections. Although its mechanism Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of action is not clear, terbutaline did demonstrate increased success versus placebo in 2 of the 3 trials, with detumescence rates ranging from 36% to 42%.22 Whether these results would translate to those with recurrent or stuttering priapism remains to be seen. Estrogens, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRH), and antiandrogens are hormonal agents that have been used in the treatment of recurrent priapism, particularly in those patients with sickle cell disease. In a randomized, controlled trial diethylstilbestrol (DES) eliminated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical priapism episodes in 9 patients initially randomized to DES (4 patients) versus placebo (5 patients, with crossover).23 Dosing varied per patient, ranging from 5.0 mg orally daily to 2.5 mg orally per week. Priapric attacks recurred after cessation of DES in 5 of the 9 patients (55%). Given the increased risk of thromboembolic events with long-term estrogen therapy evidenced in the obstetrics-gynecology literature (including coronary artery disease and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cerebrovascular

accidents), only short-term use should be considered. With regard to GnRH agonists, 2 case reports describe the use of leuprolide acetate.24,25 Monthly dosing of leuprolide acetate (7.5 mg intramuscular [IM]) resulted in reduced episodes of priapism. One of the 2 patients was treated for Cytidine deaminase 4 months without recurrence on cessation; the other recurred after 1 year of therapy and elected to continue with injections. Likewise, the antiandrogen bicalutamide, an inhibitor of the androgen receptor, has been reported to reduce priapism episodes in those with recurrent priapism and sickle cell anemia.26 Initial dosing of bicalutamide was 50 mg orally daily, tapering to 1 tablet every other day depending on frequency of priapism episodes and development of side effects (breast tenderness or swelling).