The reduction in serum HDL-C levels could be because of enhanced click here TG levels, as there is an inverse correlation between TGs and HDL-C levels. Hypertriglyceridemia stimulates the TG enrichment and cholesterol depletion of HDL-C particles, thus causing a conformational change of HDL-C particles and reduction in HDL-C levels.[32] Moreover, there occurs a positive correlation between LCAT activity and HDL-C levels; so, in uremic patients where LCAT activity is reduced, there is decreased conversion of HDL3 to HDL2, and consequently, decreased levels of HDL-C.[33,34] VLDL-C was significantly higher, while LDL-C was significantly lower in pre-dialysis patients compared to controls; with repeated HD, there was no further alteration in the levels of LDL-C and VLDL-C.

Again, the results are consistent with those of the earlier reported studies.[35] Serum HC levels were also high in pre-dialysis patients compared to the control group, and there was no effect of maintenance HD on the levels of HC. Numerous studies have shown that mild to moderate elevation of plasma HC concentration occurs in 5�C7% of the general population and in 85�C90% of uremic patients. Increased HC concentration in the plasma of uremic patients is one of the non-traditional atherosclerosis risk factors, acting synergistically with the traditional risk factors for CVD.[16] The results of the present study differed from that of the authors who found that lipid and lipoprotein compositions did not appear to be influenced by dialysis duration in CRF patients.[7,8] Ifudu et al.

did not find any change in TG and cholesterol concentrations with increased HD duration in patients hemodialyzed for 10�C24 years.[9] However, the increase in TG and cholesterol concentrations positively correlated with the HD duration in the study of Sobh et al.[12] Moreover, Paragh et al. showed that plasma TGs positively correlated with HD duration in patients hemodialyzed for 8�C181 weeks.[13] In the present study; HDL-C, plasma FC, and ratio of EC to FC appeared to be clearly altered by HD duration. The evaluative lipid profile seemed to be more atherogenic, thus contributing to high cardiovascular risk. Footnotes Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared.
In 2009, the first pandemic of influenza of the present century was reported, with its widespread ramifications. The last update released by World Health Organization (WHO) on August 6, 2010 reported the spread of laboratory-confirmed cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 in more than 214 countries, including more Cilengitide than 18,449 deaths.