The annotation of more than 200 genes involved in catabolism and respiration in the genome of the anammox bacterium Kuenenia stuttgartiensis, together with the abundance of 61 genes encoding c-type cytochrome proteins, reflects the complexity of the anammox metabolism and implies the presence of a branched and versatile respiratory chain [5]. This complexity is further confirmed by the genome assemblies

of two more anammox species that were recently reported (Scalindua profunda[6]; strain KSU-1 [7]). Although c-type cytochrome proteins seem to play a key role in the unique anammox metabolism, the maturation pathway of functional c-type cytochrome holoforms has not been explored. Cytochrome c maturation describes the post-translational process by which b-type https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sotrastaurin-aeb071.html hemes (Fe-protoporphyrin IX) are covalently attached to the apoproteins resulting in functional c-type cytochromes. After synthesis, apocytochrome c and heme molecules are independently translocated

across the energy-transducing membrane into the bacterial periplasm, the mitochondrial intermembrane space or the thylakoid lumen. Ferric iron of heme(s) and cysteine Napabucasin order residues of apocytochrome c are reduced and subsequent thioether linkage formation occurs between the heme vinyl groups and the CX2-4CH check details sulfhydryls of apocytochrome c, leading to the functional holoform [8]. Three distinct cytochrome c maturation pathways (Systems I, II and III) have been described, each comprising system-specific assembly protein complexes; these biogenesis systems occur in a wide variety of organisms with a complex and unpredictable phylogenetic distribution [9]. Figure 1 Maturation System II of c -type cytochrome proteins in anammox bacteria. A: Schematic drawing of the anammox cell and the maturation system machinery depicted on it. The dotted trapezoid is zoomed-in in Figure  2B. 1: cell wall; 2: cytoplasmic membrane; 3: intracytoplasmic membrane; 4: anammoxosome membrane; i: paryphoplasm; ii: riboplasm; iii: anammoxosome;

iv: nucleoid; v: ribosome. B: 3D illustration of cytochrome c maturation System II localized within the anammoxosome membrane. Apocytochrome c is translocated to the p-side of the membrane via the Sec pathway. CcsA-CcsB complex, forming the heme channel SPTLC1 entry, is tethered within the anammoxosome membrane. Heme is, thus, translocated within the anammoxosome. Concurrently, reducing equivalents from the n-side of the cell are fed to a disulfide bond cascade that proceeds from DsbD to CcsX. The latter, being a dedicated thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase, reduces the cysteine residues of apocytochrome c, and eventually spontaneous ligation for the thioether linkages formation between the apoprotein and its cofactor takes place. Green pie depicts apocytochrome c; red triangle depicts heme molecule.