Participants sat in a chair with a handle attached to the back to allow efficient movement between the frontal and abducted positions. The chair was attached to a rotating base on which plus and minus 40° and 20° were marked enabling the experimenter to accurately rotate the chair in either direction. Likewise, the chin rest could be rotated to ±40° and ±20°. The experiment was completed in a dark room. Participants used their dominant eye and their non-dominant eye was patched. Participants sat two meters away from the experimenter, extended their arms and brought their hands together in front of their eyes, leaving only a small gap through Venetoclax which they could see the experimenter’s nose. The eye that the

experimenter could see through this gap was recorded as the participant’s dominant eye. If the right eye was dominant, the left eye was patched and the participant was rotated to the left. Stimuli were presented on either side of a central fixation spot. In the case of the right eye being dominant, as shown in Fig. 1A, the temporal hemifield was the right side of the screen. There were six conditions: Frontal Temporal, Frontal Nasal, Abducted 20° Temporal, Abducted 20° Nasal, Abducted 40° Temporal, Abducted 40° Nasal. In the abducted conditions participants started each trial with their bodies and heads turned 20° or 40° to either the left or MLN8237 price right. After the presentation of

the stimuli they were rotated back to the front. This meant that participants encoded the stimuli in the abducted position but rehearsed it and recalled it in the frontal position. In the frontal condition participants faced forwards for the duration of the trial, thus the eye was in the center of its orbit throughout. In all conditions participants were required to fixate on a central http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/BafilomycinA1.html spot (0.3° visual angle) for

the whole trial. Participants completed two tasks: the visual patterns task as a measure of visual memory; and the Corsi Blocks task as a measure of spatial memory. For each task, memory span was assessed four times in each condition across two testing sessions, with each session lasting approximately 1 h 45 min. In one session participants completed half the frontal spans (2 Frontal Temporal spans and 2 Frontal Nasal spans) and all the Abducted 40° spans (8 spans) per task, and in the other session they completed the remaining half of the Frontal spans and the Abducted 20° spans. The order of the two sessions was counterbalanced. Each session was divided into 4 blocks, two for each task, with each block containing 6 spans (two abducted nasal, two abducted temporal, one frontal nasal, and one frontal temporal per block). The order of tasks was counterbalanced across participants, as was the field of presentation (Temporal, Nasal) and Eye Position (Frontal, Abducted) within blocks. Participants completed three frontal and three abducted practice trials for each task. Nine boxes, arranged in a 3 × 3 grid, were presented (Fig. 2A).