Later on in the course, Cediranib changes in longterm memory such as confrontation naming are detected and spatial and perceptual deficits become more severe.12-13 These changes are not necessarily uniform or predictable for individual cases and many individuals will manifest impairments in one ability area that are more severe than expected by their current stage Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of illness. What is clear from research, however, is that in individuals with AD and considerable cognitive impairments,

functional performance tends to worsen quite markedly. Measurement of recovery of functioning and treatment response There is major interest in treatment of cognitive deficits in degenerative conditions, attention-deficit disorder, and severe mental illness. These approaches have ranged from in person and computerized cognitive remediation

efforts to multiple pharmacological interventions. It makes sense that the same measures of cognitive functioning Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical used to identify functionally relevant deficits across different neuropsychiatric Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical conditions would be used to measure treatment outcomes. This approach has been used in multiple different studies, although there are some issues that require attention in interpreting the results of the studies. These include changes in performance that are due to random variation and practice effects and the fact that certain cognitive measures are more vulnerable to these effects than others, limiting their utility as outcome measures. One of the things that will render neuropsychological assessment

consistently important is the new development of rehabilitation therapies. Development and marketing of computerized Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cognitive remediation interventions has not always been accompanied by the systematic assessment of their efficacy and long-term usefulness. It seems likely the performance on structured neuropsychological measures will continue to be the gold standard for selection of patients for these interventions and evaluation of their efficacy. One of the strategies Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical that has been developed to understand “real” cognitive improvements vs psychometric artifacts is the “reliable change index (RCI)” method.34 The RCI adjusts for expected practice effects and unreliability of measures in order to develop an index of Tryptophan synthase change on an individual basis that would be definitely non-random. Essentially, a statistic is calculated that takes test scores at two different times and examines the difference between them, establishing a range of scores that could be attributed to practice effects or unreliability of measures. Differences that exceed this range are then considered to be reliable. Thus, measures with greater test-retest reliability and smaller practice effects in healthy controls would be better candidates for detection of small amounts of change that would still be clinically meaningful.