It was calculated as follows. For all tracked frames, the position (x and y coordinates) of the tracked nose was determined and stored in a 640 × 300 matrix representing the area monitored. The matrix element which corresponds to the nose position was assigned a value of 1 while all other elements were zero. For a sequence of n tracked frames, the spatiotemporal profile was created by element-wise addition of all n matrices and the resulting sum matrix

was normalized to the number of tracked frames n. For visualization purposes, the sum matrix was smoothed by convolving with a 5 × 5 pixel matrix. For Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical quantification of the probability, data were collapsed to one-dimensional (1D) by averaging the sum matrix along the x-axis. Histology TNF-�� inhibitor anatomical changes in barrel formation

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical were also assessed by staining the barrel cortex for cytochrome oxidase. Following behavioral experiments, animals were given a lethal dose of isoflurane by inhalation and perfused transcardially with 20 mL 4% paraformaldehyde or formalin. Brains were removed and postfixed overnight at 4°C. The barrels size was measured from flattened sections cut 100 μm thick. Measurements were made manually with Neurolucida Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (MicroBrightField Bioscience, VT) from bright-field images. Statistics For each animal, the ratio was calculated as the sum of arcs one to four ([C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 + D1 + D2 + Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical D3 + D4]/[B1 + B2 + B3 + B4 + A1 + A2 + A3 + A4]). As barrel size depends on the barrel arc identity, this later factor appears as a covariate in the barrel size data, which contributes significantly to the sample variance (Airey et al. 2005). Finding the linear relationship between arc identity and barrel size using simple linear regression, we adjusted (normalized) our data by correcting for this effect. The “n” for the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical ratio measurements is

thus number of animals × 4 (four barrel arcs). Statistical tests were performed on the adjusted data set. Statistical analysis was done with GraphPad Prism 4 and MATLAB. Box-Cox Power transformation was used to make the data normally distributed, and from this distribution, Carfilzomib outliers were defined as ±2 standard deviations. Unpaired two-tailed t-test and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test were used to determine statistical significance. Results are presented as mean ± SEM, unless stated otherwise. Results Effect of sensory deprivation on anatomical staining of layer 4 in barrel cortex To analyze whether the sensory deprivation protocol (Fig. 1A) induced structural changes in the somatosensory barrel cortex, we made histological staining to measure barrel size at the level of layer 4. Cytochrome-oxidase staining (Wong-Riley and Welt 1980; Land and Simons 1985) can be used to visualize the size of the barrel columns at the level of layer 4. This metabolic staining overlaps with staining using Vglut-2 (Louderback et al. 2006) to stain for thalamocortical synapses.