In addition, efforts that are able to successfully delay smoking initiation among sexual minorities may reduce disparities in youth cigarette smoking. Such efforts, if successful, also have the potential to reduce risk for other substance use and associated harmful repercussions as evidence suggests that nicotine exposure increases risk for other substance use (Levine et al., selleckchem 2011). Efforts to reduce sexual-orientation disparities in smoking should focus on identifying successful ways to assist these youth in adopting healthy strategies for coping with stress and to enhance social support from their family and friends. Funding The GUTS cohort has been funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; grants HD45763, DK46834, and HL03533 from the National Institutes of Health ; and grant RSGPB-04-009-01-CPPB from the American Cancer Society.

Dr. Corliss is supported by career development award DA23610 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Drs. Corliss and Austin are also supported by the Leadership Education in Adolescent Health Project, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration grant 6T71-MC00009. Declaration of Interests None. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the participants of the Growing Up Today Study and the members of the Growing Up Today Study research team whose dedication made this study possible.
Smoking behavior is related to negative emotionality and behavioral undercontrol (e.g., Etter, 2010; Kahler et al., 2009; McCann, 2010).

Consistent with the personality findings describing the association between negative emotionality and smoking behavior, associations have been documented between cigarette smoking and negative affect (e.g., Anda et al., 1990; Bisol, Soldado, Albuquerque, Lorenzi, & Lara, 2010; Frederick, Frerichs, & Clark, 1988; Lyvers, Thorberg, Dobie, Huang, & Reginald, 2008). This literature indicates that smokers report greater depression, anxiety, anger, and stress relative to nonsmokers. Although the prevalence of adult cigarette smoking has decreased dramatically since 1965 to a low of 19.3% in 2010 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011), some populations continue to have disturbingly high rates of smoking. Among treatment-seeking alcoholics, the rate of smoking is as high as 80% (see Kalman, Kim, DiGirolamo, Smelson, & Ziedonis, 2010). Understanding the characteristics and vulnerabilities of alcoholic smokers has important implications for alcohol treatment and nicotine cessation interventions. Despite the wealth of research examining associations of smoking behavior with personality and negative Cilengitide affect in the general population, it is unclear whether these relationships extend to alcoholics.