Cytoplasmic Daxx is present in Fas-expressing cells during reovirus encephalitis, suggesting a role for Daxx in Fas-mediated apoptosis following reovirus infection. Further,

in vitro expression of a dominant negative form of Daxx (DN-Daxx), which binds to Fas but which does not transmit downstream signaling, inhibits apoptosis of reovirus-infected cells. In contrast, in vitro depletion of Daxx results in increased expression of caspase 3 and apoptosis, suggesting that Daxx plays an antiapoptotic role in the nucleus. Overall, these data imply a regulatory role for Daxx in reovirus-induced apoptosis, depending on its location in the nucleus or cytoplasm.”
“The endospore-forming Gram-positive pathogen Bacillus anthracis is responsible for the usually fatal disease, inhalational see more anthrax. The success of this pathogen is dependent on its ability to subvert elements of the innate immune system of its animal hosts. B. anthracis spores,

which are the main infective agent, are engulfed and germinate in patrolling alveolar macrophages. In order for the infection to progress, the resulting vegetative cells must resist the antimicrobial oxidative burst mounted by the host NADPH oxidase complex. The response of B. anthracis to this and other macrophage-related stresses is therefore of major importance to the success of this pathogen, and consequently we have analysed the superoxide and peroxide stress stimulons of B. GSK2118436 price anthracis strain UM23C1-2 by means of a combined transcriptomics and proteomics approach. The results show distinct patterns of expression in response to paraquat (endogenous superoxide) and hydrogen peroxide stress. While the main response to paraquat is the induction of iron uptake pathways, the response to peroxide predominantly involves the induction of protection and repair mechanisms. Comparisons between the responses of B. anthracis and related soil bacterium, B. subtilis, reveal differences that are likely to be relevant

to their respective habitats.”
“In both mammalian and viral genomes, a large proportion of sequences are transcribed and annotated as noncoding RNAs. A polyadenylated RNA of 3.0 kb (T3.0) is transcribed from the opposite strand of the open reading frame 50 (ORF50) DNA template in the genome of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus PRKD3 (KSHV) and has been annotated previously as a noncoding RNA. ORF50 encodes the replication and transcription activator (RTA), which controls the switch of the virus between the latent and lytic phases of the life cycle. Here we show that T3.0 encodes a small peptide of 48 amino acids (designated viral small peptide 1 [vSP-1]). vSP-1 interacts with RTA at the protein abundance regulatory signal (PARS) motifs, and the association prevents RTA from being subjected to degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. As a consequence, vSP-1 facilitates KSHV gene expression and lytic replication.