A particularly unstable protein could have been formed in this case, as it was the only nondetectable catalase among all seven studied extracts, which were all disrupted following the same protocol (see Materials and methods). In contrast to the divergence found for catalase activity, a single Fe-SOD band was visualized in all seven strains displaying similar spectrophotometric

activity values. These results suggest the existence of a variety of complex tolerance mechanisms among Acinetobacter strains rather than a common defense pathway for the whole genus. Previous investigations tried to ascertain a relationship between UV response and antioxidant enzyme activities in bacteria INCB018424 solubility dmso attaining divergent conclusions. Soung & Lee (2000) reported a surprisingly high catalase activity in the radioresistant Deinococcus sp. strains. Moreover, an insertional mutant in katA gene of Deinococcus radiodurans was shown to be more sensitive to ionizing radiation than the wild-type strain (Markillie et al., 1999). However, E. coli katE and katG single mutants displayed hardly any decrease of survival after near-UV radiation treatment, suggesting a minor role for catalase in UV protection in enterobacteria (Eisenstark & Perrot, 1987). More concluding observations implied SOD participation in

the UV defense, as E. coli sodA sodB double mutants suffered an increase in near-UV sensitivity compared with the wild-type strain (Knowles & Eisenstark, 1994). Ver3 selleck inhibitor Tangeritin and Ver7 isolates, with the highest catalase activity among all seven studied strains (Fig. 3d and e), displayed a good tolerance to the pro-oxidants assayed (Fig. 2) and, interestingly, the highest resistance to UV radiation (Fig. 2). Based on our results, a correlation among high catalase activity, H2O2 tolerance and UVB radiation resistance could be inferred. Moreover, inhibition of catalase by AT resulted in a decrease of the observed tolerance to UV radiation by Ver7 Acinetobacter strain (Fig.

6). Indeed, catalase has an important role in UV defense but, taking into consideration the complexity of the protection response, it seems not to be the only actor playing the scene. The involvement of light-dependent DNA repair systems in the defense machinery against UV radiation has been suggested (Fernandez Zenoff et al., 2006). The presence of photolyase activities able to repair UV-provoked DNA damage in a blue light-dependent manner (Weber, 2005; Li et al., 2010a) is currently under research in HAAW isolates (V. H. Albarracin & M. E. Farías, pers. commun.). Recently, a study has been published reporting that the phrA gene encoding a photolyase in Rhodobacter sphaeroides is upregulated by singlet oxygen and by H2O2 signals involving a σ E factor, and proposing a coordinate regulation between both UV and the antioxidant defense system (Hendrischk et al., 2007).