Trial-by-trial variations of single neuron responses did not change systematically with age, whereas the covariation of responses across trials between neurons (noise correlation) was high on postnatal day 5-6 (P5-6), and gradually decreased with age to near zero by P30-31. Computational analyses showed that pooled responses of multiple neurons became more reliable across stimulus trials with age. The period over which these changes
occurred corresponds to the period when rats develop a full set of exploratory whisking behavior. We suggest that reduced noise correlation across a population of neurons, in addition to sharpening the temporal characteristics of single neuron responses, may help improve behavioral performance. (C) JQ1 mouse 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: Breath-holding (BH) has been used as a simple probe to increase endogenous carbon dioxide (CO(2)). buy Crenolanib In patients with Panic Disorder (PD), lower baseline BH duration is associated with caffeine-induced panic attacks. In this paper, we assessed BH duration in PD patients in relation to panic attacks induced by caffeine intake.
Methods: BH duration and state anxiety were assessed in 40 PD patients (12 males), both at baseline and after a 400-mg caffeine challenge test.
Results: Patients panicking
after caffeine administration (14 patients, 4 males) exhibited a significant reduction of their post-challenge BH duration, while no change of the BH duration was observed in
non-panicking patients (26 patients, 8 males), Reduction in post-challenge BH duration was not related to higher anxiety levels – as reflected in the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Form scores – independently of the occurrence of a panic attack. Panickers exhibited significantly lower baseline BH duration, compared to non-panickers.
Conclusions: Our findings indicate that in PD patients, caffeine-induced panic attacks are strongly associated with a significant reduction of BH duration at both pre- and post-challenge. jointly, these findings suggest that in a Subgroup of PD patients, sensitivity to endogenous CO(2) accumulation may underlie both the this website lower BH durations and the caffeine-induced panic attacks. In this subgroup of PD patients, caffeine might exert its panicogenic properties through the exacerbation of patients’ already pathological hypersensitivity to CO(2) accumulation, as indicated by both the significant decrease of their BH duration at post-challenge and by their significantly lower baseline BH duration respectively. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: The true effect of incidental detection on the survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma has been debated. We used centralized databases in Iceland to study prognostic factors of survival, focusing on the effect of incidental detection.