40 find more Future directions in epilepsy/OCD research There is much work to be done in establishing the causation of OCD, and possible links to epilepsy. Future studies should extend investigation to nonepilepsy neurological groups as well as a psychiatry group with OCD.3 Multicenter studies would be valuable in looking at the entire severity spectrum of OCD in TLE. In addition, with the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical findings of greater religiosity and writing compulsions in patients with epilepsy, research into OCD in epilepsy would be enhanced by developing specific

tools or scales that measure these parameters.10 Greater attention might be directed at the comorbidity of depression and anxiety in OCD in patients with epilepsy, with examination of the neurobiological and structural relationships Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to clinical expression.10 As with any implied association, prospective larger studies with optimally trained personnel with experience in psychiatric testing instruments, the development of tailored characterization of OCD subtypes and feature categorization, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and the application of these tools and trained personnel to carefully categorized populations of different types of epilepsy, are warranted. Multicenter

trials would have a good chance of lending support to the neurobiology, causes, and optimal management in patients with the several types of epilepsies and varieties of OCD.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder that is characterized by disabling obsessions (intrusive Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical unwanted thoughts and/or images) and/or compulsions (ritualized repetitive behaviors).1 OCD was originally thought to be rare, but a number of studies have reported a lifetime prevalence

that ranges between approximately 1% to 3% worldwide.2-3 Thus, it is one of the more common and serious mental conditions.4 Twin and family studies provide convincing evidence for the importance of genetic factors for the expression of OCD. The author has previously reviewed these data.5 In this paper, the historic evidence is again summarized and updated with recent results. Thus, sections of this manuscript Calpain will be similar to those previously published reviews. Supporting results from twin and family aggregation studies, functional neuroimaging, pharmacological, and molecular genetic studies provide compelling data that suggest that biochemical/biological factors are important for the manifestation of OCD. Twin studies Twin studies are useful in determining whether genetic factors are important in the etiology of complex disorders.