100 PDZ proteins act to bind transmembrane proteins to the cytoskeleton and stabilize

signaling complexes.100 GluA1 and GluA2 bind to different subsets of PDZ proteins. Prominent among these are GluA1 binding to synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97)101 and GluA2 binding to PICK1102 and GRIP.103 The GluA1 interacting protein SAP97 is a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family of proteins that also includes PSD-95.104 SAP97 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical links to microtubule-based transport mechanisms via an interaction with the motor protein myosin VI105 and is targeted to spines by CaMKII phosphorylation to deliver GluA1 containing AMPARs.106 PICK1 acts as a Ca2+ sensor and plays important roles in both LTP and LTD. It is involved in the activity-dependent decrease in synaptic GluA2 during NMDARLTD107 and contains a BAR domain that may sense existing Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical membrane curvature, or actively induce the curvature during clathrin-coated

pit formation, assisting AMPAR internalization. PICK1 also inhibits Arp2/3mediated actin polymerization to mediate AMPAR mTOR inhibitor internalization during LTD108 and to mediate the decrease in spine size associated with LTD.109 PICK1 shows enhanced localization with Rab5 and early endosomes on induction of NMDAR-LTP,110 and it is involved in mediating the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical increase in GluA2-lacking CPAMPARs at synapses,111 possibly through the intracellular retention of GiuA2 containing AMPARs.112 Consistent with this, PICK1 knock-down increases the rate of AMPAR recycling to the membrane.113 GRIP also plays an essential role in plasticity. LTD in cerebellar Purkinje cells is abolished in GRIP knockout mice.114 GRIP may Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical have a role in the attachment Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and anchoring of AMPARs at internal115 and/or surface locations.116 In contrast, PICK1 mobilizes AMPARs and facilitates association with trafficking vesicles. This model explains the importance of these molecules in both forward trafficking to the synapse during LTP, and removal from the synapse during LTD. Additionally, through their

interaction with GRIP, AMPARs indirectly bind the heavy chain of the motor protein kinesin117 to direct GluA2-containing Etomidate AMPARs into dendrites. GRIP also binds to the kinesin KIF1 interacting protein liprin-α118 and to the Arf GTPase-activating protein GIT1.119 These interactions play important roles in AMPAR distribution since inhibiting either reduces AMPAR forward traffic. AMPAR subunit c-termini also bind to non-PDZ proteins. GluA1 binds to the Ca2+-sensitive actin-based motor protein Myosin Vb120 as well as Myosin Va.66 Myosin Vb transports GluA1-containing AMPAR recycling endosomes to sites of exocytosis. This process couples stimuli that induce LTP to the increased trafficking of cargo necessary for AMPAR insertion and spine enlargement.