005 compared to 0 μg/ml Az), which is equivalent to the MIC for that strain (Figure 3B). The difference between the cell types may reflect the fact that J774A.1 cells are phagocytic macrophages, and the A549 cells are non-phagocytic epithelial cells. Figure 3 Az inhibition of intracellular Francisella strains. After 22 hours, recovered bacterial counts were measured for F. philomiragia, F. novicida, and F. tularensis LVS infected cells (MOI 500).

A) J774A.1 cells infected with F. philomiragia, F. novicida, or F. tularensis LVS had more than 105 CFU/ml. Bacterial counts decreased for all strains as the Az concentrations increased and were near 0 CFU/ml at 5 μg/ml Az. LY2606368 manufacturer B) A549 cells infected with F. philomiragia, F. novicida, or F. tularensis

LVS had more than 105 CFU/ml at 0 μg/ml Az. Bacterial counts decreased at 0.1 and 5 μg/ml Az and were near 0 CFU/ml at 25 μg/ml Az. CFU counts from no Az treatment compared 0.1, 5, and 25 μg/ml Az treatment for all Francisella strains were significantly different (p-value < 0.005). To determine if Francisella bacteria counts were decreased due to Az concentrations or due to cell death, cellular lysis and apoptosis were measured by LDH released [19]. At 22 hours, cell cytotoxicity in non-infected A549 cells and A549 cells infected with F. novicida, F. philomiragia, and F. tularensis LVS remained below 20%. Non-infected this website A549 cells along with F. philomiragia, F. novicida, and F. tularensis LVS-infected cells had a slightly increased cytotoxicity as Az concentrations increased (Table 3). Cellular apoptosis remained low with all Az doses. These results suggest the decreased Francisella counts were due to Az treatment and not due to bacterial release

during the experiment from apoptosis or cell lysis. Table 3 A549 cell cytotoxicity. Bacteria 0 μg/ml Az 0.1 μg/ml Az 1.0 μg/ml Az 2.5 μg/ml Az 5.0 μg/ml Az A549 cells 0 ± 3.0 2.9 ± 2.8 8.0 ± 4.0 18.3 ± 5.2 19.7 ± 9.6 F. novicida 0 ± 2.3 4.1 ± 5.0 3.3 ± 6.3 9.6 ± 5.4 17.8 ± 13.2 F. philomiragia 0 ± 1.3 0 ± 2.5 7.1 ± 4.6 1.7 ± 3.2 8.5 ± 4.1 F. tularensis LVS 0 ± 3.7 2.12 ± 5.0 4.6 ± 5.9 8.4 ± 5.1 5.2 ± 5.6 Using a LDH release assay, the cell cytotoxicity as a result of antibiotic and/or Interleukin-3 receptor Francisella infection was determined and is indicated as a percentage (%) of total LDH released. Francisella LPS mutants Due to the potential for interaction of Az with LPS [9], four F. novicida transposon LPS O-antigen mutants were tested for their Az susceptibility: O-antigen of LPS (wbtA) biosynthesis of GdNAcAN, an O-antigen unit (wbtE), glycosylatransferase that elongates to form GalNAcAN tri-saccharides (wbtQ), and aminotransferase (wbtN) [10]. novicida LPS O-antigen mutants including wbtA, wbtE, wbtQ, and wbtN were shown to be less susceptible to Az by decreased zones of inhibition in IKK inhibitor comparison to the wild-type (p-value < 0.001) (Table 4).