Subsequent studies showed that PMA-induced skin inflammation, which is intimately involved in tumor promotion, was attenuated in PLCε−/− mice 17. Using PLCε−/− dermal fibroblasts, we demonstrated that PMA treatment stimulates PLCε through Rap1 activation and thereby induces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α 17. Moreover, PLCε is required for efficient production of proinflammatory Y-27632 manufacturer cytokines from intrinsic skin cells

the elicitation stage of the allergic dermatitis 18. Such a function of PLCε in inflammation is unique among the PLC isozymes 14. In this study, we show that transgenic mice overexpressing PLCε in epidermal keratinocytes spontaneously develop skin inflammation, which correlates well with increased production of factors implicated in human inflammatory skin diseases from keratinocytes. These results further support the crucial role of PLCε in skin inflammation. The transgene CAG-XstopX-mPLCε-IRES-NLLacZ was designed to overexpress PLCε after Cre recombinase-mediated excision of the XstopX cassette consisting of the translation/transcription termination signals sandwiched by two loxP sites (Fig. 1A). We obtained four independent lines of transgenic ALK inhibitor mice with different copy numbers of this transgene (hereafter designated CAG-XstopX-PLCε mice) (Supporting

Information Fig. 1). To overexpress PLCε in the skin, female CAG-XstopX-PLCε mice (Lines A, G, and H) were mated with male K5-Cre mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the keratin 5 promoter 19. The resulting CAG-XstopX-PLCε;K5-Cre mice (hereafter called K5-PLCε-TG mice) overexpressed PLCε in the epidermis and hair follicles (Fig. 1B), which was consistent with the reported tissue-specificity of the recombination in K5-Cre mice 20. K5-PLCε-TG mice were obtained at the expected Mendelian Bacterial neuraminidase frequency and looked grossly normal in the early neonatal period. However, skin alterations characterized by excessive formation of adherent silvery scales appeared

at postnatal day (P) 9 over the whole body (Fig. 1C and D) and lasted over the following 8 wk (data not shown). The epidermis of WT mice was thick until P6 and thereafter became much thinner (Fig. 2A). In contrast, the epidermis of K5-PLCε-TG mice failed to undergo such thinning at P9 and P26 while it showed no apparent difference from that of WT littermates until P6 (Fig. 2A). K5-PLCε-TG mice (n>250 in total) derived from all the three independent CAG-XstopX-PLCε lines inevitably developed the same skin phenotype. These skin alterations were reproduced in another transgenic mouse line carrying the germline copies of the CAG-PLCε transgene, which was devoid of the K5-Cre transgene (data not shown), indicating no involvement of Cre in the development of the skin phenotype.