Our findings based on a cohort of 1,463 Chinese adult male daily smokers showed that being less nicotine dependent at Wave 1, as well as becoming less dependent from Waves 1 to 3, yielded greater odds of being abstinent by Wave 3. Similarly, smokers who progressed beyond the contemplation stage of quitting between Waves 1 and http://www.selleckchem.com/products/DAPT-GSI-IX.html 3 had significantly greater odds of being abstinent by Wave 3. Less dependence, and becoming less dependent from Wave 1 to Wave 3, also lowered the odds of relapsing among those who quit. Beyond nicotine dependence measures, we were interested in how psychosocial factors prospectively affected quitting and remaining abstinent. Perceiving less stress, whether initially at Wave 1 or over time from Wave 1 to Wave 3, significantly increased the odds of quitting.

Further, those with lower hostility scores at Wave 1 and those who showed decreases in hostility from Wave 1 to Wave 3 had significantly greater odds of quitting. Those who showed decreases in hostility from Wave 1 to Wave 3 also had significantly greater odds of remaining abstinent than relapsing by Wave 3. We found no significant associations between quitting and depressive symptoms, which might be explained by the significant increase in depression scores over the 3 years of the study. The attrition analysis found no significant difference in baseline depression between participants who were retained and lost to follow-up and we have no plausible alternative explanation for why the expected relationship did not occur. Large-scale cessation programs for Chinese males who smoke daily would benefit by taking steps to reduce nicotine dependence.

In Australia, Europe, and the United States, several population-based strategies have been found to be effective in reducing the number of cigarettes smokers consume per day. This includes clean indoor air laws (Dinno & Glantz, 2009; Eriksen & Cerak, 2008), media campaigns (Bala, Strzeszynski, & Cahill, 2008; Messer et al., 2007; Vallone, Duke, Cullen, McCausland, & Allen, 2011), and increased taxation (Dinno & Glantz, 2009). These strategies have also been associated with smokers being categorized in the later stages of the quitting continuum (DiClemente et al., 1991; Dinno & Glantz, 2009; Messer, et al., 2007; Pierce, Farkas, & Gilpin, 1998; Vallone, et al., 2011).

As a decrease in smoking consumption can indicate a decrease in dependence, such strategies may be effective in increasing cessation in China. Smaller scale or tailored smoking cessation programs for Chinese males should aim to train those with elevated levels of hostility and perceived stress to reduce Drug_discovery or better cope with these negative feelings. These strategies have been shown to increase the likelihood that smokers will quit and remain abstinent once they do (al��Absi, Carr, & Bongard, 2007; Tsourtos et al.