Excipulum hyaline to carbonized. Periphysoids sometimes present and sometimes with warty tips. Columellar structures sometimes present. KU55933 in vivo Hamathecium and asci non-amyloid. Ascospores transversely septate to muriform, colorless, non-amyloid to (weakly) amyloid in a few species, septa thin to thickened, lumina rectangular to lens-shaped or rounded or diamond-shaped (resembling ascospores of Trypetheliaceae). Secondary chemistry

variable, mostly no substances or stictic or psoromic acid as major, rarely lecanoric acid or pigments in ascomata. Genera included in the subfamily (5): Clandestinotrema Rivas Plata, Lücking and Lumbsch (see below), Cruentotrema Rivas Plata, Papong, Lumbsch and Lücking, Dyplolabia A. Massal., Fissurina Fée, Pycnotrema Rivas Plata, Lücking and Lumbsch (see below). The subfamily Fissurinoideae is here established for a strongly supported clade being sister to the remaining Graphidaceae, here delimited as subfamilies Gomphilloideae and Graphidoideae, respectively (Fig. 1; Rivas Plata and Lumbsch

2011a, b; Rivas Plata et al. 2011a, b). The subfamily spans the Regorafenib molecular weight entire range of morphological and chemical variation found in Graphidoideae GPCR & G Protein inhibitor and is difficult to characterize phenotypically (Figs. 2, 3 and 4). The three subfamilies are, however, genetically distinct, and one character restricted to subfamily Fissurinoideae are the trypethelioid ascospores with diamond-shaped lumina occurring in four of the five genera (Frisch et al. 2006; Rivas Plata and L-NAME HCl Lumbsch 2011a). Not all species of the subfamily exhibit that character, but this type of ascospores is typical of Clandestinotrema, Cruentotrema, Dyplolabia, and a number of species currently classified in Fissurina. Fig. 2 Selected Fissurinoideae. a Dyplolabia azfelii. b Fissurina chrysocarpoides. c Fissurina comparimuralis. d Fissurina dumastii. e Fissurina globulifica. f Fissurina mexicana. g Fissurina nitidescens. h Pycnotrema pycnoporellum Fig. 3 Selected species of Clandestinotrema. a Clandestinotrema antonii. b Clandestinotrema ecorticatum. c Clandestinotrema erumpens. d Clandestinotrema leucomelaenum. e Clandestinotrema

pauperium. f Clandestinotrema protoalbum. g Clandestinotrema stylothecium. h Clandestinotrema tenue Fig. 4 Species of Cruentotrema. a–d, Cruentotrema cruentatum. e–f, Cruentotrema kurandense. g–h, Cruentotrema thailandicum (holotype) Gomphilloideae (Walt. Watson ex Hafellner) Rivas Plata, Lücking and Lumbsch, comb. et stat nov. Mycobank 563410 Bas.: Gomphillaceae Walt. Watson ex Hafellner, Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 79: 280 (1984); Watson, New Phytologist 28: 32 (1929). Tax. syn.: Asterothyriaceae Walt. Watson ex R. Sant., Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 12(1): 316 (1952); Watson, New Phytologist 28: 33 (1929). Tax. syn.: Solorinellaceae Vezda and Poelt, Phyton (Horn) 30: 48 (1990). Type: Gomphillus Nyl. Ascomata rounded to elongate, immersed to sessile. Excipulum hyaline to rarely (dark) brown. Periphysoids absent.