and Actinobacillus spp. In E. coli, PGA production and export are dependent on four genes that form a single read the full info here operon, pgaABCD, which appears to have been transferred between various species. Biofilms themselves are recognized as environments in which such horizontal gene transfer may occur. The pga operon of E. coli, which is even found in innocuous laboratory strains, is highly homologous to that from the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis, and biofilm is believed to play an important role in the transmission of Yersinia. The crystal structure of the N-terminal domain of PgaB, which has deacetylase activity, is described and compared with models of other deacetylases.
Plant endo-1,3-beta-glucanases are involved in important physiological processes such as defence mechanisms, cell division and flowering.

They hydrolyze (1 -> 3)-beta-glucans, with very limited activity towards mixed (1 -> 3,1 -> Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries 4)-beta-glucans and branched (1 -> 3,1 -> 6)-beta-glucans. Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Here, crystal structures of the Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries potato (Solanum tuberosum) endo-1,3-beta-glucanase GLUB20-2 with the nucleophilic Glu259 residue substituted by alanine (E259A) are reported. Despite this active-site mutation, the protein retained residual endoglucanase activity and when incubated in the crystallization buffer with a linear hexameric substrate derived from (1 -> 3)-beta-glucan (laminarahexose) cleaved it in two different ways, generating trisaccharides and tetrasaccharides, as confirmed by mass spectrometry. The trisaccharide (laminaratriose) shows higher binding affinity and was found to fully occupy the -1, -2 and -3 sites of the active-site cleft, even at a low molar excess of the substrate.

At elevated substrate concentration the tetrasaccharide molecule (laminaratetrose) also occupies the active site, spanning the opposite Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries sites +1, +2, +3 and +4 of the cleft. These are the first crystal structures of a plant glycoside hydrolase family 17 (GH17) member to reveal the protein-saccharide interactions and were determined at resolutions of 1.68 and 1.55 angstrom, respectively. The geometry of the active-site cleft clearly precludes any (1 -> 4)-beta-glucan topology at the subsites from -3 to +4 and could possibly accommodate beta-1,6-branching only at subsites +1 and +2. The glucose units at subsites -1 and -2 interact with highly conserved protein residues. In contrast, subsites -3, +3 and +4 are variable, suggesting that the mode of glucose binding at these sites may vary between Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries different plant endo-1,3-beta-glucanases. Low substrate affinity is observed at subsites +1 and +2, as manifested by disorder of the glycosyl units there.
The increasing demand for the development of efficient biocatalysts is a selleck consequence of their broad industrial applications.