While we are awaiting the results of multiple large-scale sequencing efforts, the field is poised to move

on to functional studies that will help understand the molecular underpinnings and neural substrates of this disorder in hopes of developing more effective interventions. “
“The assembly of a highly organized network of neuronal connections is a key developmental process and essential for all neural function, ranging from simple movement to complex cognitive processes. Research focused on the cellular strategies and molecular mechanisms that orchestrate Vemurafenib in vitro neural network assembly led to the discovery of a wide variety of axon guidance molecules and receptors (Kolodkin and Tessier-Lavigne, 2010). Many guidance molecules are evolutionarily conserved and, based on their mode of action, are categorized into short- selleck chemicals llc or long-range guidance cues that influence growth cone steering in a positive (attractive) or negative (repulsive/inhibitory) manner. We now know that the activity of an individual guidance cue is not absolute, but instead interpreted by the neuronal growth cone in a context-dependent manner.

Important conceptual advances in deciphering the molecular language of axon guidance and network assembly include the discovery of hierarchies among guidance cues, the identification of molecular switches that when flipped turn an attractive cue into an inhibitory one (or vice versa), and the existence of diverse receptor complexes that facilitate cell-type-specific responses to a specific guidance cue. The discovery of general principles underlying

the wiring of the developing nervous system provides insight into the molecular logic that allows a relatively small set of guidance cues to initiate the tuclazepam assembly of complex neural networks with myriad interconnected circuits. In this issue, Erskine et al. (2011) and Ruiz de Almodovar et al. (2011) now provide new evidence that a key angiogenic factor, VEGF-A, exhibits angiogenesis-independent chemoattractive effects on spinal commissural and retinal ganglion cell axons at the CNS midline. It is not by chance that analysis of nervous system midline development has been particularly successful in the discovery of guidance cues and the elucidation of axon pathfinding mechanisms. Axons extending toward the CNS midline during development must make an important decision: to cross and find a synaptic partner on the contralateral side of the nervous system (relative to their cell body) or not to cross and remain confined to the ipsilateral side. Extensive work in fruit flies, worms, fish, chicks, and mice has established that the midline is a rich source of chemoattractants and chemorepellents (Figure 1A) (Dickson and Zou, 2010). Vertebrate Netrin-1 is a robust chemoattractant for spinal commissural axons and is secreted by floor plate cells located at the ventral midline.