The MIC values varied with different organisms except in few cases such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella typhimurium 1, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae 1 which belong to the two major groups of bacteria where a similar MIC value of 400 mg/l was observed. Interestingly, the clinical isolate of MRSA exhibited the lowest MIC of 300 mg/l. Most of the Gram negative bacteria and Candida tropicalis

were killed instantly at MIC concentrations ranging from 800 mg/l to 8000 mg/l. The acetone extract selleck products induced longer PAE ranging from 18.3 h to 20.3 h and 20 h to 21.6 h in some Gram positive such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis and Gram negative bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae 2, and Salmonella typhimurium 2 respectively as compared to ciprofloxacin. The biosafety assays for mutagenicity and toxicity tested negative at 300 mg/l and 4000 mg/l concentrations. The major phytoconstituents established were alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, diterpenes, triterpenes, and cardiac glycosides. Flavonoids Nutlin-3 and

diterpenes, exhibited inhibitory properties against all test organisms except Klebsiella pneumoniae 2 and Candida tropicalis. In conclusion, the identified active phytochemicals have exhibited antimicrobial potential against a wide range of medically important pathogens including MRSA, a drug resistant bug. Hence, M. oleifera pod husks which Emricasan are usually considered as agri-residues hold the potential for development of drugs or drug leads of broad spectrum activity including multidrug resistant

bugs which are currently of great concern. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: GJB2 mutation is recognized as the prevalent causes of non-syndromic hearing impairment (NSHI) worldwide. However, the mutation profiles of this gene are unknown in deafness probands in the consanguineous pedigrees in China. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the forms and frequencies of GJB2 mutations in 35 students with hearing loss in the consanguineous families in Hubei province, Central China.

Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples of 35 students with hearing loss. The target fragments were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subjected to sequencing to identify sequence variations.

Results: Surprisingly, none of these probands harbored homozygous mutation in GJB2. Three GJB2 heterozygous mutations were identified: a single base pair substitution c.35G > 1 and c.139G > T, and a 2 bp deletion c.299-300delAT in three probands.

Conclusion: The frequency of GJB2 mutation is relatively low in these consanguineous families, most of which were minorities. Our results suggest that screening for responsible genes other than GJB2 may be necessary for NSHI in these minorities.