4). Storage at�C80��C after heat treatment reduces desiccation by thermal denaturation of the surface of the fly pupa and might suppress the activity of decomposing and saprophytic microorganisms. The reproduction ability of parasitoids that emerged from heat-killed hosts may be clarified http://www.selleckchem.com/products/INCB18424.html in a subsequent paper.AcknowledgmentThe authors thank Mr. Shono from Sumika Technoservice Corporation for providing the parasitoids used in this study.
Large-scale civil structures including bridges and buildings are exposed to various loads such as traffic loads and/or natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes, typhoons, cyclones, blizzards). Monitoring structural displacement under such dynamic loads plays an essential role in structural health monitoring.

In fact, the direct measurement of structural displacement responses has been a challenge, especially for large-scale structures because traditional sensors such as the linear variable transformer (LVDT) require a stationary reference that is difficult to find a proper location in the field. In recent years, the global position system (GPS) [1�C3] and the laser doppler vibrometer [4] have emerged as new noncontact measurement techniques, but their applications are still limited as a result of their high cost.With increases in CPU capabilities, improvements in image capturing devices and the development of new postprocessing image algorithms, vision-based displacement measurement is becoming one of the most common noncontact measurement techniques in civil engineering applications [5�C9].

Compared with the other sensors, vision-based measurement provides several advantages: (1) it can provide direct measurements in both the time and the three-dimensional (3D) displacement; (2) it can measure displacement at multiple locations simultaneously in cost-effective manner; (3) it needs a less complicated and labor intensive setup.Various vision-based systems that measure structural displacement have been developed. Wahbeh et al. [5] developed a high-fidelity video camera with a resolution of 520 lines and a digital zoom of 450 capabilities. The targets consisted of a Batimastat 28 �� 32 inch black steel sheet on which two high-resolution LEDs were mounted to measure the displacement of the Vincent Thomas Bridge, located in San Pedro, California. Then, vision-based systems for measuring the dynamic displacement of bridges in real time was introduced by the authors [6, 7] in 2006 and 2007, respectively. They attached target panels to a structure, captured moving targets by camcorders, and then calculated the amount of structural displacement by applying image processing techniques. In 2009, Fukuda et al.