4 52, to C4-dicarboxylate binding protein, periplasmic component, dctP (Rhodobacter capsulatus) dctM HSM_1228 P5091 cost HS_0761 TRAP C4-dicarboxylate transport system, permease component 426, 43.2 59, to C4-dicarboxylate -binding protein, permease component, dctM (Rhodobacter capsulatus) dctQ HSM_1227 HS_0760 Tripartite ATP-independent

periplasmic transporter 160, 17.8 40, to tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic transporter, dctQ (Rhodobacter capsulatus) Differential gene expression in biofilm and planktonic cells Among the 19 genes in the two loci described above, fourteen genes were upregulated when H. somni 2336 was grown under conditions favorable to biofilm formation, compared to planktonic-grown cells (Figure 11). The greatest level of induction (8-fold) when the cells were in biofilm phase SCH727965 manufacturer occurred for rbs2a, which had the greatest sequence similarity to a gene encoding for an ATP-binding constituent of the ribose ATP-binding Pictilisib manufacturer cassette protein (ABC) transporter. Furthermore, rbs2b and rbs2c, which are similar to genes encoding for a periplasmic substrate-binding protein and a transmembrane constituent of the ribose ABC transporter, respectively, were also upregulated in biofilm phase cells (Table 3).

H. somni galU, which is essential for galactose utilization and synthesis of a variety of carbohydrates, was upregulated 7-fold when grown in the biofilm phase compared to planktonic growth, supporting the potential role of this gene for EPS biosynthesis (Figure 11). The putative functions of other genes, which were upregulated 2-5 fold (Figure 11)

are described in Table 3. In contrast to the large number of genes in this locus that were Hydroxychloroquine solubility dmso upregulated when 2336 was grown as a biofilm, only five genes in this locus were upregulated, and then only 1-2 fold, when 129Pt was grown as a biofilm (Figure 11). These results supported that these loci contributed to EPS production, and were consistent with previous results that the biofilm is thicker and larger in 2336 compared to 129Pt [29]. In addition to the genes in the putative EPS loci, expression of siaB, which encodes for alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase, was upregulated 15-fold when 2336 was grown as a biofilm compared to planktonic cells (data not shown). Figure 11 Genes predicted to contribute to EPS biosynthesis that were significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated during biofilm growth (red bars) relative to planktonic growth (blue bars). The bacteria were grown as biofilms or in broth (planktonic) and samples taken at 3, 5 and 7 days for analysis by qRT-PCR from H. somni 2336 (left) or 129Pt (right). Fourteen of 19 genes were significantly upregulated in 2336, whereas only 5 genes were upregulated (predominately at 7 days) in 129Pt. The data were expressed as the means and SDs of three independent experiments performed in triplicate. Discussion It is now established that H.