044 × isometric strength) + (0.137 × concentric strength) + (-0.049 × eccentric strength) + 4.074, r = 0.451, p = 0.002. Indeed IL-6 was not a good predictor of RPE scale. Discussion Evidence from clinical and experimental studies suggests that omega-3 has a protective effect against cancer-induced cachexia, ageing-related chronic inflammation and other inflammatory diseases associated with excessive levels of cytokines [17]. This has led to further research to investigate whether EPA can have the same

positive response on pro-inflammatory cytokines and symptoms associated with DOMS following exercise. Phillips et al. [20] and Bloomer et al. [21] both provided evidence LDE225 to support the earlier in vivo and in vitro work [18, 19], although both studies only observed the initial acute response after a single bout of exercise. These studies provided the basis for the current study in an attempt to observe if a dose of EPA which is twice the daily recommended level (i.e.

~2 × 180 mg per day) would inhibit acute and chronic IL-6 mediated inflammation, muscle soreness and RFGC following resistance exercise. The findings from the present study suggest that after three weeks of treatment, the standard dose of EPA may not be beneficial in ameliorating the symptoms associated with DOMS and IL-6 mediated inflammation response to exercise. In fact, the data would suggest that whereas strength and pain sensations related to resistance exercise are no different with/without EPA, exercise-induced IL-6 levels are in fact significantly elevated following three weeks PS-341 mw of daily intake of EPA. Babcock et al. [29] previously suggested two possible mechanisms that

may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory ability of EPA. An initial response is for the EPA to be readily incorporated into the cellular membrane, where it alters linolenic and linoleic acids, which are essential for the production of arachidonic acid, the latter which is in fact involved in pain and inflammation. This was based on the earlier findings of Endres et al. [30], who looked at inflammation at a more cellular level in humans and rodents. They demonstrated that once within the cellular membrane, PRKD3 inflammation is affected by reducing prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels. Additionally a further mechanism was demonstrated by Lo et al. [31], who indicated that EPA modulates inflammation at a molecular level by down regulating the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway, through decreasing translocation of nuclear factor-κb (NFκb). The authors indicated that EPA possesses the ability to reduce NFκb, which is involved in protein degradation. A reduction in NFκb would enable a positive environment for protein synthesis for repair of muscle following exercise, rather than a catabolic one.